公共安全与秩序保卫部（）通称“保卫部”（okhrannoye otdelenie），公共在现代来源当中又常被称为“暗探局”（Okhrana或Okhranka，安全音譯奧克瑞納），秩序并由协助。保卫部1881年内务部下设了特别会议，公共在19世纪为内务部警察部门的安全一部分， 参见 契卡 参考文献 Jonathan Daly,秩序 Autocracy under Siege: Security Police and Opposition in Russia, 1866–1905 (DeKalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois University Press, 1998). Jonathan Daly, The Watchful State: Security Police and Opposition in Russia, 1906–1917 (DeKalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois University Press, 2004). Catherine Evtuhov, Stephen Kotkin; The Cultural Gradient: the transmission of ideas in Europe, 1789–1991; Rowman & Littlefield, 2003 Charles A. Ruud, Sergei A. Stepanov; Fontanka 16: The Tsars' Secret Police; McGill-Queen's University Press (paperback, 2002) Paris Okhrana 1885–1905 CIA historical review program (Approved for release 22 September 1993) 秘密警察 俄罗斯帝国政府机构 1880年俄羅斯建立